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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS. 

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. 




CHIMPANZEE. 



MAN. 



ELLIS'S 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY 



OR 



GOOD HEALTH 



FOR 



Boys and Girls 



BY 



EDWARD S. ELLIS 




TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO. 
NEW YORK AND CHICAGO 



V-s 



\\ 






Copyright, 1889, by 
TAINTOR BROTHERS & CO. 



Introductions 



-«%&&>- 




'OTHINGr need be said concerning tlie impor- 
tance of tlie study of good health.. The first 
lesson that a child should learn is the law of 
his being. Hitherto the aim has been mainly to train 
the mind regardless of the requirements of the body. 
The vital connection of the two has been ignored 
with a persistency little short of criminality. 

Anatomy, Physiology, and Hygiene have their 
places in the curriculum of our leading schools, but 
the knowledge too often is simply technical and with- 
out practical results. What greater travesty than to 
listen to a glib discourse on nutrition, digestion, cir- 
culation, respiration, the muscles, nerves, bones or 
brain by a pupil with thin chest, lack-lustre eye, 
sallow complexion, and weak frame? 

With no wish to slight the value of a thorough 
knowledge of Physiology, this little volume seeks to 



6 INTRODUCTION. 

give the fundamental laws of health, in such simple 
language that every boy and girl advanced enough 
to read, can understand them. Accompanied and 
supplemented by the earnest words of the teacher, 
who shall estimate the good that may be accom- 
plished ? 

In the preparation of these pages, the author is 
glad to acknowledge the valuable assistance received 
from C. Shepherd, M.D., Superintendent for many 
years of Public Schools, Trenton, N. J., and Washing- 
ton Hasbrouck, Ph.D., Principal of the New Jersey 
State Normal School. 



f O NT E NTS? 

4SS& 

CHAPTER I. 

PAGE 

Why the Laws of Good Health should be Studied - 15 

CHAPTER II. 
Cleanliness — Bathing - 18 

CHAPTER III. 
Drinking - -22 

CHAPTER IV. 
Eating 27 

CHAPTER Y. 
The Hair, Ears, Eyes - - 32 

CHAPTER VI. 
The Teeth * 40 

CHAPTER VII. 
Exercise - -47 

CHAPTER VIII. 
The Art of Swimming 49 

CHAPTER IX. 
How to Treat Drowned Persons . - - - - - 54 

CHAPTER X. 
Another Method of Treatment in Cases of Asphyxia, 
Drowning, Chloroform, Coal-gas, etc. - - - 62 



8 CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER XL 

PAGE 

The Muscles - - - . qq 

CHAPTER XII. 
Rest and Posture - - 70 

CHAPTER XIII. 
Pure Air, Clothing, etc. 75 

CHAPTER XIV. 
Accidents and Emergencies - 82 

CHAPTER XV. 
Brain, Nerves, Spinal Cord, etc. - - - - 91 

CHAPTER XVI. 
Sunstroke and Poisons 95 

CHAPTER XVII. 
Cigarette Smoking - - - 100 

CHAPTER XVIII. 
Alcohol -108 

CHAPTER XIX. 
Bones, Skeleton, etc. 117 

CHAPTER XX. 
A Cheerful Disposition - ... - 121 

CHAPTER XXI. 
The Digestibility of Solid Foods - - - - 125 



TO THE MALE TEACHER. 



It is your bounden duty to instruct 
your pupils in the laws of health. If 
you fail to do so, you are not fit to be 
their teacher. 

The vices of cigarette smoking, of to- 
bacco chewing, of beer and alcoholic drink- 
ing, threaten the very existence of the 
rising generation. Tou cannot be too 
earnest and persistent in impressing this 
truth upon the boys who look up to you 
for counsel. 

Tou need not be reminded that the 
most powerful teacher is your own ex- 
ample. Boys respect and admire manly 



10 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

vigor. Ton ought to be able to out- 
run, outjump, outthrow, outswim, out- 
wrestle, outspar, and outplay, at all 
points, the largest and most active boy 
in school. Many a teacher, "when he 
attempts to take part in an athletic 
game, becomes the laughing-stock of the 
youngest urchin, by reason of his flabby 
awkwardness. 

"While our youth often need to be re- 
strained rather than encouraged to culti- 
vate their muscles, yet they should be 
told to play when the opportunity is 
theirs. Tou ought to take the lead in 
their games. Tour eye should be as 
bright, your sight as true, your cheeks 
as rosy, your step as elastic and your 
physical prowess the equal at least of any 
lad in school. 

All the text-books in the land are less 
effective than a few timely words from 
you. Occasions are continually presenting 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 11 

themselves which should be utilized. 
When a boy has been playing too vio- 
lently, or when he neglects play, when 
he is careless as to his clothing or shows 
evidence of falling into any bad habit, a 
kind but pointed warning "will accomplish 
more than weeks of study. 

There are other dangers to which boys 
are peculiarly exposed, and which obvi- 
ously cannot be referred to in these pages, 
concerning which it would be criminal 
for you to remain silent, but in all such 
cases, your warning must be uttered to 
the offender in private, or by the father 
to whom you may make the sugges- 
tion. 

Of course you will see that the school- 
room is properly warmed and ventilated ; 
that the pupils are kept out of all drafts ; 
and that the air is as pure as possible. 
The faithful teacher will find almost 
hourly opportunities for impressing these 



12 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

vital truths upon the children, and, only 
by doing so to the fullest extent, can he 
approach a proper fulfillment of his own 
mission as the friend, counselor, and guide 
of the coming generations. 



TO THE FEMALE TEACHER. 



What has been said to your co-laborer 
about assuming the lead in observing the 
laws of health, applies "with equal force 
to yon. Your experience and knowledge 
give you invaluable opportunities for in- 
structing the girls in what is truly the 
great question of life and death. 

Cleanliness, clothing, food, and all the 
subjects treated of in the folio wing pages, 
should be supplemented by the practical 
illustrations "which the girls themselves 
continually present. 'No observant teacher 
can have failed to become acquainted with 
the rudimentary laws of her being, and 



14 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

to none is given so golden an opportunity 
to make that knowledge a living truth as 
to her whose calling it is to instruct the 
future mothers of our country. 



OHAPTEE I. 

WHY THE LAWS OF GOOD HEALTH SHOULD 
BE STUDIED. 

Every boy and girl ought to live a 
hundred years. When worn out at last 
by old age, death will come like sweet 
sleep, without pain, or suffering. 

[No one can live very long, unless he 
obeys the laws of health. These laws are 
so simple that all can learn them. Many 
people remain ignorant of them until they 
grow to be men and women, when they 
find it too late to escape the penalty 

How long ought every boy and girl to live ? 
What is said of death, from old age? 

What is necessary to secure long life? Are these 
laws simple ? What mistake is made by many 
people ? 



16 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

which nature visits on those who break 
her laws. 

One of the first things that boys and 
girls should study is how to keep the 
health which their kind Creator has given 
them. Such knowledge will save them 
days and nights of suffering and perhaps 
bring them many years of enjoyment. 

Children give little thought to the care 
of their bodies, and often form habits 
whose ill effects are not seen for a long 
time. Let them, therefore, try to learn, 
in early life, what is right and wrong in 
this respect. 

It is not a hard study. "What is more 
interesting than to learn about the most 

What should "be one of the first things for hoys 
and girls to learn? What will such knowledge save 
them ? 

What do children do? What, therefore, should 
they try to learn ? 

Is it a hard study? What is the most wonderful 
machine in the world? What is your duty? 



THE LAWS OF GOOD HEALTH. 17 

wonderful machine in the world ? That 
machine is yourself. There never can be 
any invention to compare with it. God 
alone can create it, and it is your duty 
to do all you can to keep it running 
until worn out. 

Anatomy is the study of the structure 
or make-up of our bodies. Physiology 
tells of the offices or purposes of all the 
parts of our bodies. Hygiene, or Good 
Health, is the knowledge of the laws by 
■which all the organs and parts of our 
bodies are kept in the best possible con- 
dition. 



What is Anatomy? Physiology? Hygiene, or 
Good Health? 



CHAPTER II. 

CLEANLINESS.— BATHING-. 

One of the first things to rememoer is 
the need of keeping your bodies clean. 
Of course yon "wash yonr hands and face 
as soon as yon rise in the morning, and 
if necessary through the day, but that is 
not enough. 

The skin is composed of two layers, 
the outer or scarf skin and the inner or 
true skin. The outer is continually wear- 
ing out and falls from the body in fine 
scales. The skin is pierced by thousands 



What is one of tlie first tilings to remember? 

Of what is the skin composed? What is said of 
the outer skin? What of the pores? What follows 
if the pores are allowed to become clogged? 



CLEANLINESS.— BATHING. 19 

upon thousands of pores, or tiny open- 
ings, through which a large part of the 
waste of the body passes. If these pores 
are allowed to become clogged by "want 
of cleanliness, the waste master enters 
the blood and may cause disease and 
death. 

The way to keep the pores open is by 
bathing or cleanliness. When the weather 
is cold, you should bathe at least once a 
week at home. The water should be 
moderately cold. After bathing, rub your- 
self from head to foot with a coarse towel 
until the skin becomes warm and red. 
Then dress quickly and do not go out- 
of-doors for half an hour. 

During summer it is well to bathe 
every day. Salt water is better than 
fresh. Boys are fond of bathing and are 

How can the pores "be kept open? Describe how 
one should bathe when the weather is cold? 

How often is it well to "bathe during* summer? 



20 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

inclined to spend too much time in the 
water. 

Avoid stagnant or impure water. Run- 
ning streams, ponds into and from which 
water continually flows, creeks, rivers, 
lakes, and the ocean afford good bathing. 

Do not bathe when the body is over- 
heated or you are perspiring freely, or 
within two hours of breakfast, dinner or 
supper. Stay in as long as it is pleasant, 
but come out before you begin to feel 
chilly. 

In entering, it is best to plunge at 
once under the surface. If you walk 
slowly, as many timid people do, until 



Which is the "better, fresh or salt water? What are 
hoys apt to do ? 

What should be avoided ? What affords good 
bathing ? 

When should you avoid bathing ? How long ought 
you to remain in the water? 

What is the best manner of entering the water? 
Why ? 



CLEANLINESS. — BATHING. 21 

the water gradually reaches your neck, 
yon leave the brain heated too long. It 
onght to he cooled at the first. 

After bathing, rnb your body dry and 
dress without delay. Do not lounge on 
the shore in your bathing dress. If you 
do, the body becomes chilled, and ill 
results are likely to follow. 



What should be done after bathing? What should 
you avoid? Why? 



CHAPTER III. 

DRINKING. 

Many diseases of the body are caused 
by what we take into our stomachs. You 
can see, therefore, how important it is 
that we should know what and how to 
eat and drink. 

TEA, COFFEE, MILK, AND CHOCOLATE. 

If I say that tea, coffee, and chocolate 
are poisonous, and that they shorten life, 
you will smile and shake your head. 
Very likely some of you have kind grand- 
How are many diseases caused ? What, therefore, 
is important? 

What have yon to say about tea, coffee, and 
chocolate ? 



DRINKING. 23 

mothers who have drunk tea all their 
lives and still enjoy good health. Per- 
haps your father is fond of his coffee 
and feels no ill effects from its use. 

]N~o doubt it would be better for all 
if only water was drunk, but it cannot 
be said that a temperate use of tea, coffee 
or chocolate and what are known as tem- 
perance drinks, are injurious. Milk is a 
drink of nature, and therefore excellent, 
though it does not agree with every 
person. 

WHEN AND HOW TO DRINK. 

If you have formed the habit of drink- 
ing -while eating, stop it at once. At 
first your mouth will be dry and your 
thirst great, but persevere and in a short 
time you will not feel the least desire to 

What of a temperate use of tliose and of temper- 
ance drinks? Of milk? 

What have you to say of the habit of drinking 
while eating? 



24 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

drink until yon have finished your meal, 
when a few swallows will be all you 
wish. 

Nearly every one drinks too much. 
If you are thirsty, you fill a tumbler and 
drink its contents and sometimes take 
even more than that. Now if instead of 
doing so, you sip the water slowly, your 
thirst -will be gone before half the water 
is consumed. 

An hour or two after a hearty meal, 
you may feel a slight degree of thirst. 
This is caused by the digestion going on 
in the stomach. If you drink, you will 
soon be thirsty again and will be forced 
to drink often through the day ; but, if 
you refrain, at first, the thirst will soon 
depart and will not return for hours. 



What does nearly every one do? Wliat is the best 
way to drink water? 

Wliat should be done when slightly thirsty an 
hour or two after a meal? 



DRINKING. 25 

During warm weather, or when per- 
spiring from exercise, you need more 
water than at other times. Even if very 
cold, it will do no harm, if slowly sipped. 
Many people learn to like warm water, 
which is more healthful than cold. 

LEMONADE, ROOT BEER, SODA WATER, ETC. 

Pure soda water, lemonade, root beer 
and similar drinks are not hurtful, hut 
the sugar they contain increases our 
thirst and leads us to drink more than 
is good for us. Water is the provision 
of nature, and though it has no color, 
taste or smell, nothing in the world is 
so delicious and refreshing. 

"Very hot and very cold drinks are 

When do yon need more water than at other 
times? In what manner may very cold water he 
drank without harm? What of warm water? 

What is said of soda water, lemonade, etc. ? What 
of water? 

What of very hot and cold drinks ? What will 



26 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

hurtful, but much of the ill effects may- 
be averted by sipping them as I have 
already advised. Few will believe until 
they make the test, how little "water is 
needed through the day. The less we 
take the more comfortable will we feel. 



be tlie effect if we drink only a small quantity 
of water ? 



CHAPTER IV. 

EATISTQ. 

Always eat slowly and do not swallow 
your food until it is chewed to a pulp. 
The glands inside the month give ont 
enongh saliva to moisten the food and 
fit it for digestion in the stomach. Chil- 
dren love to soak their hread in coffee, 
or to sip the coffee while eating. By 
doing so they stop the flow of saliva 
and weaken a fluid which digests the 
food in the stomach. 

WHAT BOYS AND GIRLS SHOULD EAT. 

In the way of food, bread and bntter, 
well cooked meat, and fruits not too 

In what manner shmild we eat ? Why ? What had 
hahit are children likely to form? 



28 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



green nor over ripe, should form your 
principal diet. Pies and cakes are inju- 
rious, and if you eat 
them, do so sparingly. 
]STever ask for a second 
piece. 

Fat meat and butter 
cause heat and often 
make the blood gross. 
Such diet is improper 
during warm weather 
and, therefore, we do 

THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES. llOt CraVC it. If W6 

lived in the arctic regions, we would soon 
learn to drink oil like "water, and to eat 
tallow candles as though they were pieces 
of crisp celery. 




Wliat should constitute our principal diet? Wliat 
is said of pies and cake? m 

Wliat is said of fat meat, butter, and greasy food ? 
How would our tastes change, if we lived in the 
arctic regions? 



EATING. 29 

Highly seasoned food should not be 
eaten. It may be salted to suit the taste, 
but pepper is harmful. 

WHEN AND HOW MUCH TO EAT. 

Eat nothing between meals, which 
should always be at regular hours. Par- 
take sparingly of sugar, candy, and sweet- 
meats. In eating the meat of walnuts, 
filberts, chestnuts, etc., use salt. 

Children, like some grown persons, are 
apt to eat more food than is good for 
them. You have heard people say that 
you ought to leave the table while still 
hungry, but if that is true, there can be 
no need of sitting down to eat. The true 
course is to cease eating, while you still 
have a relish for food. 

What is said of highly seasoned food? What is 
said of salt and pepper? 

Of eating between meals? Of sugar, candy, and 
sweetmeats? How should nuts he eaten? 

What are children apt to do? What is the true 
course ? 



30 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



CHEERFULNESS AND APPETITE IN EATING. 

The table is not 
the place for argu- 
ment or dispute. 
The conversation 
should be cheerful, 
and all should try 
to be happy. Do 
not begin any kind 
of "work, physical or 
mental, until fully 
a half hour after 
the meal is fin- 
ished. 

Eat very little if 

Showing the position of '(A) Heart, (B) Lungs, . . . 

(C) Liver, (D) Stomach, (f, j, etc.) Intestines. the 111111(1 IS CXClteU, 

and do not eat at all, if you do not feel 




What of argument and dispute at tlie table ? What 
advice is given? 

Wliat should be done if the mind is excited, or 
you do not feel hungry? Should the appetite be 
coaxed ? 



EATING. 31 

hungry. Never coax the appetite. Do 
not eat heartily within a few hours of 
bed-time. 

If your appetite is poor, it is "well to 
omit the last meal of the day. One of 
the best medicines in the world is a scant 
diet of wholesome food. Overeating and 
fasting are hurtful. 

Remember that that which agrees with 
one may disagree with another. Rice is 
one of the most easily digested articles 
of food, and yet some persons cannot 
retain it on their stomachs. Your own 
sense will soon tell you "what best agrees 
with you. Follow the advice of your 
parents, who know what is good for their 
children. 

Suppose your appetite is poor ? What of over- 
loading and fasting? 

Is the same kind of food good for everybody? 
How can you learn what is "best to eat ? What advice 
should "be followed ? 



CHAPTER Y. 

THE HAIR, EARS, EYES, AND FEET. 

The hair needs little attention. A boy 
should not wear it long and it should 
be carefully combed and brushed. Girls 
who let theirs grow longer should have 
it frequently clipped, as it gives it vigor. 

iNever put oil or grease on the hair, 
for it catches and holds the dirt in the 
air, soils clothing, clogs the pores at the 
roots, and tends to produce baldness. 

If you will brush your hair vigorously 
for several minutes every morning, it will 

What is said of the hair? What should he done 
hy a boy? By a girl? 

What objection have you to oil and grease? 
How can the hair be made glossy? How is that 



THE HAIR, EARS, EYES, AND FEET. 33 

soon acquire a gloss and look better than 
if smeared with pomatum. The odor will 
be pleasant and the hair will not ruin 
articles and clothing with which it comes 
in contact. IsTow and then it is well to 
clean the hair with Castile soap, warm 
water and a strong brush. Shampooing 
is excellent. 

Hair is a non-conductor of heat, — that 
is, very little heat or cold can be made 
to pass through it. It serves as a pro- 
tection to the brain. While a great many 
men are baldheaded, you very rarely see 
a woman thus afflicted. This is because 
they do not wear air-tight coverings for 
their heads, but the scalp is kept cool 
and healthy. It is a good thing for chil- 

superior to pomatum ? How should the head be 
cleaned ? 

Of what use is the hair? Why are so many men 
baldheaded? Why is it rare that we meet a bald- 
headed woman ? When only should the head be 
covered ? 



34 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



dren to leave off their hats and caps, 
except "when necessary to protect them 
out-of-doors. 

THE EAR. 

The ears need even less care than the 
hair, for that which is called by the name, 




THE EAR — Showing External Ear and Internal Ear. (i) Auditory Canal, (2) 
Drum of the Ear, (3, 4, 5, 6) Bones of the Ear, (7, 8, 9, 10) Semi- circular Canals, and 
Cochlea or Snail Shell, (11) Eustachian Tube, leading to Throat. 

is only the covering of the true ear. 
Every boy and girl will make sure that 



What is said of tlie ear? How should it be kept 
clean ? 



THE HAIR, EARS, EYES, AND FEET. 35 

when the face and hands are washed, the 
neck and ears are not forgotten. The 
shape of the outer ear causes it to catch 
many of the particles always floating in 
the air. These can be easily removed 
with the end of the forefinger, covered 
by a portion of a moist towel. 

Do not pick the ears. The wax is 
placed there by nature for a "wise pur- 
pose. It keeps out dirt and insects and 
protects from injury the delicate organs 
of the true ear "within. If the wax be- 
comes too abundant or hard, it can be 
easily removed with the forefinger. If 
anything more is required, go to a doctor. 

THE EYE. 

The eye is the most wonderful organ 
of the body, and with simple care can 

Wliat of tlie wax in tlie ear ? 

Wliat can you say concerning tlie eye ? What is 
often done by boys and girls? 



36 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



be preserved all through life. Boys and 
girls who have bright, strong eyes are 
apt to weaken them by carelessness in 
their use. 

Yon should nev- 
er apply water, ei- 
ther warm or cold, 
to the eyeball. 
"When washing 
your face, keep 
your eyes closed, 

THE EYE.— Showing Iris, Pupil, (G) Tear but Wash the COr~ 

Gland, (D) Tear Lake, (C) Tear Duct, leading 

to nose. ners and outer sur- 

face. The gummy substance which some- 
times collects is thus removed without 
trouble. It is well sometimes to close 
the eyes and rub them briskly, just as 
we feel like doing on awaking from 
sleep. 




Tell how tlie eyes should be washed, 
well to do now and then ? 



What is it 



THE HAIR, EARS, EYES, AND FEET. 37 

HOW TO USE THE EYES. 

JSTever strain the eyes by trying to 
read or examine anything closely when 
the light is poor. "When it becomes an 
effort to see distinctly, cease the effort 
at once. A strong glare of light is also 
hurtful. 

In reading or study, do not permit the 
light to fall on the page from the front. 
It should pass over the shoulder, the left 
being preferable. It is well also to wear 
a shade over the forehead, especially when 
writing at night, and it is necessary that 
the light should come from the front, 
on account of the shadow made by the 
hands. 

When the eyes become weary and the 
letters or figures begin to dance and 

What is said of straining the eyes ? What of a 
strong glare of light? 

What rule should he followed in reading or study ? 
What of a shade? 



38 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

flicker, cease work. If a cinder lodges 
under the lids, do not attempt to remove 
it by rubbing ; that only adds to the 
irritation. Close the eye and then care- 
fully draw the upper lid over the lower. 
This will cause a flow of the fluid of the 
eye which will probably wash away the 
substance. 

If this fails, a friend is not likely to 
have any trouble in removing the object 
with the corner of a silk handkerchief. 
Should he find it impossible to relieve 
you, go without delay to an oculist. 

Sometimes the eyes of children have 
been weakened by sickness, and it is 
necessary to use spectacles. When a boy 
or girl feels any peculiar sensation about 



When should yon cease nsing tlie eyes ? Wliat 
should "be done if a cinder gets under the lid? 

What should be done if that fails? 

When must spectacles "be used, or an oculist con- 
sulted ? 



THE HAIR, EARS, EYES, AND FEET. 39 

the eyes, or they seem to act wrongly, 
the oculist should be appealed to at once. 

FEET. 

The feet must be kept clean and warm. 
Some prefer cotton and some woolen 
stockings. Use whichever are the most 
comfortable. Never wear shoes that are 
too tight. If you do you will suffer in 
after years from corns and bunions. The 
nails of the feet as well as of the hand 
should be kept pared and clean, but their 
surface should never be scraped. 



How must the feet be kept ? Which, are the bet- 
ter, cotton or woolen stockings ? What of tight 
shoes ? What should he clone with the nails ? 



OHAPTEE VI. 

THE TEETH. 

Few boys and girls take proper care 
of their teeth. All of ns admire a set 
of strong, sound, even, "white teeth, and 
those who do not have such, will tell 
how sorry they are because in youth 
they were so careless that their teeth 
were ruined. 

The teeth should be carefully cleaned 
each morning before breakfast. This is 
best done with a good brush, Castile 
soap, and lukewarm water. Use none 



What is said of "boys and girls? 

When and how often should the teeth be cleaned? 
What should he used for that purpose ? What is said 
of tooth-powders and tooth-picks? 



THE TEETH. 41 

of the numerous tooth-powders sold, and 
never pick your teeth with a metallic 
substance. Quill, wooden, or ivory tooth- 
picks only should be employed. 

When the brush does not remove the 
stains from the teeth, the soft end of a 
small stick, covered with powdered char- 
coal will answer, though it should not 
be used often. 

INJURIES TO THE TEETH. 

Very hot or cold food, or water, sweet- 
meats and acids injure the teeth. Chil- 
dren sometimes like to show the strength 
of their teeth by cracking hickory-nuts 
and other hard substances. This should 
never be done, as the nuts and substances 
may prove stronger than the teeth. The 



How may stains "be removed from tlie teeth.? 

Wliat substances injure tlie teeth. ? What about 
cracking nuts and other hard substances with, the 
teeth ? 



42 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

teeth, are made of a soft kind of bone, 
covered 'with, enamel. The bone part of 
the teeth soon decays if the enamel is 
broken. 

TWO SETS OF TEETH. 

The first set of teeth, twenty in num- 
ber, gradually become loose after a child 
is five or six years old, and the second 
set, thirty-two in number, crowds after 
them. The second are the teeth which 
are meant to last all our life-time, and 
they should be guarded, therefore, "with 
the utmost care. 

Sometimes the second teeth crowd so 
closely that the first become wedged in 
place. The old tooth should be removed, 
just as soon as the second can be dis- 

How many teeth, lias a child ? A man ? When 
do the second teeth "begin to appear ? How long is it 
intended they should last? 

What sometimes takes place ? What should he 
done ? What will follow if this advice is not heeded ? 



THE TEETH. 



43 



covered pushing after it. If this is not 
done, the mouth will be filled with 
crooked and unsightly teeth. 



Upper Jaw. 
Incisors. Canine. Bicuspids. 



Molars. 



Wisdom 



Neck. 




Incisors. Canine. Bicuspids, Molars. 

THE PRINCIPAL TEETH. 



Wisdom- 



The mother or father of any boy or 
girl will readily draw a loose tooth, by 
means of a looped thread. Often, how- 
ever, a brave child will piill his own 

How are loose teeth, generally pulled ? Have you 
ever known of a boy or girl pulling his or her own 
teeth? What must you watch for and do? Is there 
any need of such care ? 



44: PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

teeth, without help. Be on the watch 
and clear the way for the second teeth. 
If you don't yon will be sorry all 
yonr life. 

Some children have poorer teeth than 
others, and the utmost care "will not save 
them from decay. "When the first speck 
appears, go to the dentist. Dentistry has 
made such improvements during the last 
few years, that the poorest teeth can be 
made to last a long time. 



What is said of some children ? When should yon 
go to the dentist? 




MUSCLES, 



CHAPTEE VII. 

EXERCISE. 

Boys and girls are not likely to believe 
they need any instruction as to exercise. 
They are so fond of play that all they 
ask is a chance and they will use it to 
the utmost. 

That form of exercise is best which 
brings most muscles into action. It 
should not be too violent nor continued 
after one is tired. It should be in the 
open air, and some kind of game is pref- 
erable because it also engages and inter- 
ests the mind. 

What form of exercise is "best ? What should he 
guarded against ? Where should it be ? What is 
preferable ? 



48 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

TESTS OF SKILL. 

Base-ball, rowing, foot-ball, hare and 
hounds, skating, lacrosse, lawn tennis and 
similar tests of skill have become so pop- 
ular in this country that the young need 
to be restrained from indulging too much 
in them. After one's school-days are over 
and a young man takes up some seden- 
tary occupation, he should manage to 
gain exercise every day. 

The gymnasiums afford the best forms 
of exercise, but boys and girls can walk, 
run, and use some of the simpler forms 
of gymnastics at their homes. They 
should make sure they breathe pure air, 
that they do not form bad habits, and 
are regular in everything daily required 
of them. 

What games are popular ? What should every "boy 
do, after his school-days are over? 

What of the gymnasiums ? What can he done 
hy all hoys and girls ? Of what should they make 
sure ? 



OHAPTEE VIII. 

THE ART OF SWIMMING-. 

Every boy and girl should learn to 
swim. Instances are likely to arise, -where 







a knowledge of the art will not only en- 
able yon to save yonr own life, but that 
of some dear friend. 



Why should every boy and girl learn to swim ? 



50 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

When ready to take your first lesson 
in swimming, plunge into the water until 
the head and body are cooled. Then, 
standing where the water reaches your 
waist, lie down gently on your face, head 
erect as if walking, with the mouth just 
above the surface. Lift your feet from 
the bottom and strike them out in imi- 
tation of a frog. At the same instant or 
a second later, throw your arms, palms 
outward, from the front of your breast, 
drawing them in and striking out as 
before. 

You will fail a good many times before 
you learn to swim, but do not give up. 
You will perhaps swallow some water, 
and in spite of all you can do, your head 
will drop more than once under the sur- 
face ; but, if you will keep trying, you 



G-ive directions for tlie first lesson in swimming. 
What is sure to follow? 



THE ART OF SWIMMING. 



51 



will soon find yourself able to make two, 
three or more strokes, before yon sink. 
A little practice will complete yonr mas- 
tery of the art. 

It is well to 
use helps at the 
beginning. A 
friend may hold 
np yonr chin, or 
a light float may 
be fastened be- 
hind yonr shonlders. The body of a per- 
son is very little heavier than water, and 
a slight exertion, rightly directed, will 
keep it afloat for hours. 

FLOATING. 

The most important step, after learn- 
ing to swim, is to learn how to float. 




What helps may be used at the beginning? 
Show the advantage of knowing how to float in 
the water. 



52 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

A- skillful swimmer may find himself 
overtaken by cramp while in deep water. 
He can turn upon his hack and float 
mitil he recovers or help reaches him. 
In case of shipwreck, or where a person 
is forced to stay a long time in water, 
he can rest by floating. 

Taking your position in water, no 
higher than your breast nor shallower 
than your waist, yon lie very gently on 
your back, with your chest elevated, your 
hands on your stomach and your feet 
extended in a straight line, close to the 
surface. If you wish to swim on your 
back, you have only to draw up your 
legs and strike out as when swimming 
in the natural position. It is a poor 
method, however, as you cannot see in 
what direction you are going, and "will 
soon exhaust your strength. 

Show how a person may float. 



THE ART OF SWIMMING. 53 

After learning to swim, there are many 
fanciful movements which can be easily 
learned. They have no special value, but 
afford amusement to those who look on 
or engage in them. 

You cannot be too careful while learn- 
ing to swim. Boys are apt to be venture- 
some and think their parents are too 
timid on their account. You should make 
it a rule never to go into water beyond 
your depth until you can swim very well. 
If this rule should be followed the num- 
ber of deaths from drowning would be 
greatly lessened. 

What is said of fanciful movements in the water? 
Wliat care should hoys exercise ? 



OHAPTEE IX. 

HOW TO TREAT DROWNED PERSONS. 

Many persons are drowned every month, 
and almost every day. Hundreds doubt- 
less could be saved by a knowledge of 
the art of swimming, while others could 
have been revived, had the proper means 
been used. 

When any one believes he is drowning, 
he becomes frantic and his fierce struggles 
only hasten his death. If a friend swims 
to his rescue, there is danger that he will 
throw his arms around his rescuer and 
cause both to drown. 

What causes a great many deaths from drowning ? 

How does a person act when he believes he is 
drowning ? What is he likely to do if a friend swims 
to his rescue? 



HOW TO TREAT DROWNED PERSONS. 



55 



If the person in danger will keep still, 
when his friend seizes his hair or arm, 
he can readily be taken ashore. If a 




GOING- TO THE RESCUE. 



swimmer finds his sinking friend frantic, 
it may be necessary to strike him a vio- 
lent blow between the eyes so as to stnn 
him for a minnte or two. 



What may be done if the drowning person keeps 
still ? What, if lie becomes frantic ? 



56 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

A drowning person generally rises twice 
before sinking the last time. Those who 
have been unconscious ten, fifteen, twenty 
minutes and sometimes longer, have been 
resuscitated or brought back to life. What 
is done, therefore, must be done without 
delay. Should you be present when a 
drowned person is taken from the water, 
you ought to know exactly what to do. 

If any one can be spared to go for the 
doctor, let him run with all speed. The 
instant the body is brought to land, turn 
it upon the face, with a hard roll of 
clothing under the pit of the stomach. 
This roll can be readily made from your 
own clothing or that of others if present. 



How often does a drowning person generally rise ? 
How long after drowning lias a person "been resus- 
citated or brought back to life? 

Wliat about the doctor? Now, describe very care- 
fully the first step to be taken the instant a drowned 
person is brought to land. What should be done with 
his "wrist? 



HOW TO TREAT DROWNED PERSONS. 57 

Put one wrist of the patient under his 
forehead so as to keep his month off the 
ground. 

Then, with your hands well spread 
upon the patient's back, above the roll 




of clothing, press down "with the whole 
weight of yonr body, pushing forward at 
the same time. Repeat this two or three 
times, with quickness and vigor. The 



Wliat next should be done ? In what manner and 
how often should this he done? What is the object 
of the movement? 



58 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



object of the movement is to force the 
water from the lungs, and it nrast occupy 
very little time, for there is none to throw 
away. 

Having freed the lungs so far as pos- 
sible from "water, turn the patient on his 




back, face upward, with the hard roll of 
clothing beneath his back. Bend the head 
backward and downward, so that the throat 
is stretched to the utmost. Place his 
hands on top of his head, and, if there 



After freeing the lungs, so far as possible, from 
water, what is tlie next step? Wliat slionld be done 
with liis liands? 



HOW TO TREAT DROWNED PERSONS. 59 

be any one standing near, let him tie the 
wrists with a single twist of the hand- 
kerchief. 

All the clothing must be instantly 
stripped off to the waist. Kneel astride 
the patient's hips.; grasp the front part 
of the chest on both sides of the pit of 
the stomach, your thumbs pointing to 
the patient's chin and your fingers fit- 
ting into the grooves between the short 
ribs. 

Brace your elbows firmly, making them 
rigid with your sides and hips, while your 
knees serve as a pivot. Press the sides 
of the patient firmly together, throwing 
yourself slowly forward for a second or 
two until your face almost touches his 
and your whole weight presses upon his 

What of tlie patient's clothing ? What next should 
he done? 

Having placed yourself astride the patient's hips, 
descrihe what should he done next. 



60 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

chest. End this pressure with a sudden 
short push, which will send you back to 
the kneeling posture. 

Stop for two or three seconds, so as to 
allow the ribs to spring back into posi- 
tion. Then repeat this bellows-blowing 
movement as before, gradually increasing 
the rate from seven to ten times a min- 
ute. Watch closely, and if you detect a 
natural gasp, do not interrupt it, but as 
the ribs sink, gently press them and 
deepen the gasp into a long breath. 
Continue to give this help, until the 
natural breathing is fully resumed, but 
do not cease your efforts for fully an 
hour or longer. 

Avoid impatient vertical pushes ; the 
force must be upward and inward. If a 



What are the next steps? Wliat should be done 
if a natural gasp is detected ? How long should 
you continue your efforts to restore the patient to 
life? 



HOW TO TREAT DROWNED PERSONS. 61 

second person is present, lie should pull 
the end of the tongue of the patient out 
of a corner of his mouth and hold it 
there, using his handkerchief or piece 
of cotton rag. This helps to give the air 
free passage to and from the lungs. 

What should be avoided? Wliat should be done 
by a spectator, if there be one ? 

Now tell me precisely what to do from the mo- 
ment a drowned person is taken out of the water 
until he is resuscitated or it is proven he is beyond 
help. (The teacher must insist on an answer, correct 
in every particular, for it is evident that unless he 
knows every step, the pupil's knowledge is useless.) 



OHAPTEE X. 

ANOTHER METHOD OF TREATMENT IN CASES OF 
ASPHYXIA FROM DROWNINQ, CHLOROFORM, 
COAL-GAS, ETC. 

The following method is recommended 
by Marshall Hall, a very high authority 
on all such questions : 

" Treat the patient instantly on the 
spot, in the open air, freely exposing the 
face, neck, and chest to the breeze except 
in very cold weather. 

"In order to clear the throat, place the 
patient gently on the face, "with one wrist 
under the forehead, that all fluid, and the 

Describe the first step recommended by Marshall 
Hall in the case of asphyxia from drowning, chloro- 
form, coal-gas, etc. 

How would you clear the throat? 



TREATMENT IN CASES OF ASPHYXIA. 63 

tongue itself, may fall forward, and leave 
the entrance into the windpipe free. 

"To excite respiration, turn the patient 
slightly on his side, and apply some irri- 
tating or stimulating agent to the nos- 
trils, such as hartshorn. 

" Make the face warm by brisk friction : 
then dash cold -water upon it. 

" If not successful, lose no time ; but, 
to imitate respiration, place the patient 
on his face, and turn the body gently, 
but completely on the side, and a little 
beyond ; then again on the face, and so 
on, alternately. 

"Repeat these movements deliberately 
and perseveringly, fifteen times only in 
a minute. (When the patient lies on the 



How is respiration or "breathing excited? 
What should be done to the face? 
If not successful in reviving the patient, what 
should he done to excite respiration? 

How often should this movement he repeated ? 



64 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

thorax, this cavity is compressed by the 
weight of the body, and expiration takes 
place. When he is turned on the side, 
this pressure is removed, and inspiration 
occurs.) 

"When the prone position is resumed, 
make a uniform and efficient pressure 
along the spine, removing the pressure 
immediately, before rotation on the side. 
(The pressure augments the expiration ; 
the rotation commences inspiration.) Con- 
tinue these measures. 

" Rub the limbs upward, with firm 
pressure and with energy. (The object 
being the return of venous blood to the 
heart.) 

M Substitute for the patients wet cloth- 



Explain liow respiration is produced "by this pro- 
ceeding. 

What is tlie next step ? Explain its meaning. 

What should be done with the limbs? What is 
the object? 



TREATMENT IN CASES OF ASPHYXIA. 65 

ing, if possible, such, other clothing as can 
be instantly procured, each by-stander sup- 
plying a coat or cloak, etc. Meantime, and 
from time to time, to excite inspiration, 
let the surface of the body be slapped 
briskly with the hand. 

"Kub the body briskly till it is dry 
and warm, then dash cold water upon it, 
and repeat the rubbing. 

" Avoid the immediate removal of the 
patient, as it involves a dangerous loss 
of time ; also, the use of bellows, or any 
forcing instrument ; also, the warm bath 
and all rough treatment." 



What of tlie patient's wet clothing ? What should 
he done from time to time? 

What else is recommended to he done? 

What should he avoided? 

Now, give every step to he taken in resuscitating 
persons hy Hall's method. 



OHAPTEE XI. 

THE MUSCLES. 

Yon are provided by nature with about 
four hundred muscles. Every one has its 
special use. They are fastened to the 
bones, which can only be moved by them. 
The principal muscles are shown in the 
figure on page 45. 

The muscles are generally found in 
pairs, so that when motion is produced 
in one direction, another muscle or group 
of muscles causes motion in the opposite 
direction. 



How many muscles have yon ? How are tlie bones 
moved ? 

How are tlie muscles generally found? In what 
manner do they work? 



THEMUSCLES. 67 

VOLUNTARY AND INVOLUNTARY MUSCLES. 

A voluntary muscle is one which you 
can control ; an involuntary muscle is 
not subject to your will. Thus, when 
you move your hand or foot, it is done 
by a voluntary muscle. Your heart beats 
without any will of your own, and is 
therefore, controlled by involuntary mus- 
cles. 

STRENGTH OF MUSCLES. 

A well-developed man can drag a little 
less than his own weight over a level 
surface, while a draught-horse can draw 
only two-thirds. The horse, therefore, is 
relatively weaker than man. There are 
some insects, however, which are able to 
move nearly fifty times their own weight. 

From what you have learned about the 



What is a voluntary muscle ? An involuntary 
one ? Illustrate tlie difference. 

Compare tlie strength, of a well-developed man 
with, that of a horse. What is said of some insects? 



68 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

importance of exercise, yon will under- 
stand how necessary it is that every 
mnscle shonld be trained. In no other 
way can you preserve sound, rugged 
health. 

HYGIENE OF THE MUSCLES. 

When the muscles are properly used, 
they become large, firm, and dark red in 
color. Such use of them causes the skin 
to act freely, while the brain is made 
vigorous and the digestion improved. It 
is the best medicine in the world. Tou 
must be careful not to strain or overwork 
your muscles, as it is very hurtful. Tour 
strength must be built up by moderate, 
careful, and regular exercise. 

The muscles need not only exercise to 
make them strong, but a constant supply 



Why should the muscles he trained ? What is the 
result ? 

What kind of medicine is such exercise? How 
must your strength "be built up? 



THEMUSCLES. 69 

of good, pure blood. You must eat whole- 
some food, in proper quantities, at regular 
intervals. 

Tou must take plenty of exercise in 
the sunlight. The blood and the muscles 
demand the light and the heat of the 
sun to make them strong. 

EFFECTS OF EXERCISE. 

The effect of exercise upon the mus- 
cles may be clearly seen in the arm of 
the blacksmith ; in the foot and leg of 
the walker ; in the fingers of the pianist ; 
and in the hand and fore-arm of the 
skillful penman. 



What do the muscles need beside exercise ? 
Where should the exercise he taken? 
Show some of the effects. 



CHAPTER XII. 

BEST AKD POSTURE. 

" Early to bed and early to rise " should 
be your motto. Children need abundant 
sleep, and ought to retire early and rise 
as soon as they awake in the morning. 
Their bodies and brains require regular 
rest. 

iNever lie on your back when sleeping, 
but on the left or right side. Place your 
limbs in the easiest position possible ; 
otherwise you will be troubled by bad 
dreams, which will awake you from slum- 
ber. Try to keep your mouth closed, so 

What should be your motto? What do children 
need? What do their bodies and brains require? 

What position should be taken when lying in 
bed? What should be done with the ]imbs? What 



REST AND POSTURE. 71 

as to breathe through, your nostrils. You 
will thus escape the unpleasant habit of 
snoring. 

TIME FOR SLEEP. 

Infants and old people need more sleep 
than boys and girls. Night is made for 
rest, and the day for work. Do not take 
naps through the day nor sit up late at 
night. Never lie down to sleep directly 
after a meal. 

POSITION IN STANDING, ETC. 

Children are apt to stand and sit in a 
wrong position. When walking, the head 
and shoulders should be thrown back, so 
as to give the lungs full play. Breathe 
slowly and deeply, filling every part of 

of bad dreams ? How can you avoid the habit of 
snoring ? 

Who need tlie most sleep? What is said of night 
and day? What of taking naps through the day? 
When should you avoid sleep? 

What of standing and sitting? What ought your 
posture to he when walking? What is the right way 



72 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



the lungs at each inspiration. When in 
the school-room or at home, be careful 




SHOWING POSITION OF LUNGS AND HEART— (i) Left Auricle, (2) Right 
Auricle, (3) Left Ventricle, (4) Right Ventricle, (5) Pulmonary Artery, (6) Great Aorta, 
(12) Larynx, (13 to 16 and 14 to 16) Lungs. 

not to lean over by bending the body in 
the middle of the back. 



to breathe ? What must be guarded against when in 
the school-room or at home? 



REST AND POSTURE. 73 

I am afraid that a good many children 
will find, if they notice their posture 
when studying their lessons, that their 
spines are curved like a bow and their 
shoulders pushed forward so as to crowd 
the lungs and prevent deep, healthful 
breathing. The boys, perhaps, will find a 
large dent or "wrinkle in their clothing in 
front at the pit of the stomach. This 
shows that their posture is wrong. 

WHERE TO BEND THE BODY. 

If you wish to bend forward, the pivot 
is at the hips ; the spine should not be 
bent at all. When a child is reminded 
that his posture is wrong, he is apt to 
straighten up "with a jerk, throw his 
shoulders far back and thrust his chest 



What will a good many children find, if they 
notice their posture when studying their lessons? 
What will show a boy that his position is wrong? 

What is the right way to "bend forward? What 
of the spine ? What is a child apt to do when shown 



74 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

forward like a pouter pigeon. This is 
almost as bad as the other extreme, for 
it is unnatural, and after a few minutes, 
they gradually return to their former 
stoop. The natural posture is easy and 
graceful and can be held longer than 
any other. 

that his position at the desk is wrong? What have 
yon to say of this? 



OHAPTEE XIII. 

PURE AIR, CLOTHINQ, ETC. 

There can be no good health "without 
pure air. Always have it if possible. 
Before you lie down to sleep at night, 
make sure your windows are lowered at 
the top and slightly raised at the bottom, 
so that the room is well ventilated. If 
the bed has enough covering, yon will 
sleep much better if the air is fresh 
and cool. 

It is a good practice to spend a few 
minutes early in the morning, in drawing 



Show the necessity of pure air. What precaution 
should he taken hefore lying down to sleep? What 
of drafts? What are necessary to sleep well? 



76 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



into the lungs all the air they can pos- 
sibly hold. Then breathe out slowly, by 
keeping the lips almost closed. While 




(a) Trachea, (b and e) Bronchial Tubes, (d) Right Lung, (c) Lobes of Lung. 

doing so, rapidly thump the chest and 
ribs with the flat sides of your fists. 
This will expand your lungs and prevent 



What is a good practice for each, morning? What 
will this do? 



PURE AIR, CLOTHING, ETC. 77 

the congestion or settling of blood among 
many of the organs, besides strengthening 
and toning up the system. 

PROPER USE OF CLOTHING. 

Your parents furnish yon with warm, 
comfortable clothing, but much depends 
on you whether it shall help preserve 
your health. Children often catch cold 
and more serious diseases by carelessness 
about their dress. Be careful that all 
your garments sit well and are not loose 
enough to annoy you, nor tight enough 
to cause discomfort. 

Boys should lay off their overcoats and 
overshoes, girls their wraps and overshoes 
when they enter a warm room. Always 
put them on before going out in the 



What depends upon you ? What results from care- 
lessness in these respects ? Of what ought you to he 
careful ? 

What use should he made of overcoats, wraps, and 



78 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

cold or wet. Neglect in following this 
rule has often caused pneumonia and 
death. 

DAMP CLOTHING. 

If the clothing, shoes or stockings be- 
come wet, they should be changed at the 
earliest moment. If there is no chance 
to make such change, keep in motion 
until the garments can be replaced by 
others. If the moisture has reached the 
skin, it should be rubbed with a rough 
towel until dry and warm. 

DANGERS TO HEALTH. 

Before summer sets in, children are 
often tempted to sit or lie on the damp 



overshoes ? What has resulted from neglect to follow 
this rule? 

What is the proper course, when the clothing, 
shoes or stockings become wet? 

What are children often tempted to do in the 
spring of the year? Is it a safe thing to do at any 
time? 



PURE AIR, CLOTHING, ETC. 79 

earth. This is hurtful and never should 
be done, even in warm weather. 

When heated from exercise, boys love 
to throw aside their outer clothing, so as 
to " cool off." This is dangerous ; better 
to feel uncomfortable for a little while 
until your body resumes its natural tem- 
perature. 

COLD OR DRAFT. 

l^Tever sit in a cold room or a draft. 
It is sure to injure you and may cause 
death. If you feel chilly, warm yourself 
by vigorous exercise. 

Always obey the promptings of nature. 
Failure to do so poisons the blood, causes 
serious disease, and frequently destroys 
life itself. 



What is said about "cooling off?" 

What about sitting in a cold room or draft? 

What other advice is given ? 



CHAPTER XIV. 

ACCIDENTS AND EMEBQESTCIES. 

This little book is not intended to 
take the place of the physician, but is 
meant to help yon to get along without 
him. We are all liable to accidents, and 
yon shonld know what to do in snch 
cases, before the doctor reaches yon. 
Besides, yon can often help yonrself, and 
will not need the doctor. 

HABITS TO CULTIVATE. 

Cultivate regularity in all good habits. 
The honr for going to bed, and for rising, 



What is said of this little book ? To what are we 
liable and what should we know? 
What should be cultivated? 




ORGANS OF CIRCULATION, 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 83 

for eating your meals, for study, and for 
play, indeed, the time for every duty re- 
lating to your body, should, as nearly as 
possible, be just the same, day after day. 

BLISTERS. 

If a blister forms anywhere on the 
body, do not prick it. If you do, a sore 
will form. Leave it alone until it breaks 
of itself. By that time (generally in two 
or three days) a new skin will have 
formed, and the blister will pass away 
almost unnoticed. 

BOILS, STINGS OF INSECTS, AND BURNS. 

The skin of a boiled egg is a good 
remedy for boils. Peel it carefully, wet 
and apply to the part affected. The stings 
of insects may be covered with moistened 

Wbat is the rule concerning a "blister which, may 
form on any part of the body? 

What is a good tiling for boils? For tlie stings 
of insects ? For slight burns ? 



84 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

earth. Slight burns will cause little pain, 
if the air is shut out by means of paste 
or anything of that nature. 

BLEEDING OF THE NOSE. 

For continued bleeding at the nose, 
apply ice or cold water to the back of 
the neck and push a plug of cotton, or 
soft rag covered with powdered alum up 
the nose. The " door-key " is good, be- 
cause it is cold ; any other piece of cold 
metal will do as well. 

FIRE. 

If your clothing should catch fire, keep 
your senses about you. Do not start on 
a run, unless the distance is very short 
to open water, into which you can plunge. 
An overcoat, blanket or piece of carpet, 



What is the remedy for continued bleeding at 
the nose? 

What is the proper course if your clothing should 
take fire? 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 85 

wrapped closely about the body, will 
smother the flames. 

FAINTING. 

If a person faints he should be laid 
flat on his back, given fresh air, and 
water sprinkled in his face. The clothing 
about the neck should be thrown open, 
and people prevented from crowding 
around. 

FROST-BITTEN FEET AND EARS. 

Sometimes when a boy uses his skates 
too long, or he is exposed for a good 
while to bitterly cold weather, his feet or 
ears become frost-bitten. When this mis- 
hap takes place, he is apt to do the very 
thing he ought not to do. 

He must not approach a fire, enter a 



What should be done with a person when he 
faints ? 

What is a boy apt to do when his ears or feet are 
frost-bitten ? 



86 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

warm room, nor use warm water or cloth- 
ing. When any part of the body is frozen, 
snow should be constantly applied to it, 
If no snow is at hand, the coldest water 
that can be obtained must be used with 
cloths, until the frozen member is gradu- 
ally thawed out. 

SLIGHT CUTS AND WOUNDS. 

All boys use jack-knives, and now and 
then inflict cuts upon themselves. As a 
rule, these do not amount to much, and 
only require to be washed with cold 
water and bound up with a clean rag ; 
but, if a vein or artery is severed, there 
is great danger. 

HOW TO TREAT A BLEEDING ARTERY. 

If an artery is cut, the blood will be 
bright red, and will come out in jets, 



G-ive the proper course to be followed. 
Wliat should be done with, a slight cut? 



ACCIDENTS AND EMERGENCIES. 



87 



corresponding with, the throbbing of the 
heart. As the arteries take the blood 
from the heart, the proper thing to do is 




THE HEART.— (a) The Left Ventricle, (m) the Left Auricle, (b) the Right Ven- 
tricle, (n) the Right Auricle, (g, o) Veins to Heart, (k) the Pulmonary Artery, (c) the 
Great Aorta, 

to press the thumb strongly upon the 
artery just above the wound. Then a 
handkerchief should be knotted around 



How can you know that an artery has been cut ? 
What must "be done? 



88 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

the arm or leg, as the case may be, 
above the hurt ; a stick placed under the 
bandage, and twisted about until the flow 
of blood is stopped. This will answer 
until the surgeon can be brought. 

CUT VEINS AND BROKEN LIMBS. 

The veins carry the blood back to the 
heart. If one is cut the blood is dark 
and flows steadily. It is managed more 
easily than an artery ; all that need be 
done is to place some lint over the wound 
and bandage it firmly. This, of course, 
you "will do as soon as possible. 

If you should be so unfortunate as to 
break or dislocate a limb, assume an easy 
position and calmly await the coming of 
the surgeon. If a finger only is fractured 
you can walk to his office. 

What is the office of the veins ? What need he 
done if one of them is wounded ? 

Suppose your arm or leg is broken, what is the 
proper course? If it is only a finger? 




THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. 



CHAPTER XT. 

THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, ETC. 

The muscles which, move the bones are 
themselves moved by the nerves. The 
nerves are soft and pulpy in youth, but 
harden as you advance in years. They 
are composed of a gray substance, called 
the nerve-cell, and a white substance, 
known as the nerve-fibre. 

The brain is the mass of nervous tissue 
within the skull. It is so tender and 
easily harmed that nature has walled it 



What move the muscles? How are the nerves in 
early youth ? Of what are they composed ? What 
are these parts called ? 

What is the hrain ? How is it protected ? 



92 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 



about by a hard, bony structure to pro- 
tect it from injury. 

The gray substance of the nerves is 
where nervous 
impulses begin, 
which are con- 
ducted along the 
white substance. 
The gray matter 
may be compared 
to a telegraph 
office where the 
message is start- 
ed, while the 
white matter is 
the wire along 
which the message travels. 

The spinal cord, or marrow, is a mass 
of soft, nervous tissue, which fills the 




SURFACE OF THE CEREBRUM. 



Where do nervous impulses begin ? To what may 
the gray and white matter he compared? 
What is the spinal cord? 



THE NERVES, BRAIN, SPINAL CORD. 93 

hollow running the length of the spine 
ox backbone. 

From the base of the brain twelve pairs 




NERVES OF THE FACE AND NEOK.— (a, b) Nerve of the Face; {A) Nerve 
of the Forehead. 

of nerves are given off to the face and 
head. One pair passes to the eye, and 
gives sight ; one passes to the nose, and 



How many pairs of nerves are given off from the 
"brain? From the spine? Where do they go? 



94 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

gives smell ; one, to the mouth, tongue, 
and palate, and gives taste ; one, to the 
ears, and gives hearing; and others to the 
face, neck, and head, and give the expres- 
sions of joy, sorrow, pain, anger, and 
doubt. 

From the spinal cord thirty-one pairs 
of nerves pass to the various parts and 
organs of the body. 

There could be no motion or feeling 
without the nerves, although they are not 
the true centres of either. If you obey 
the rules of health, as already laid down, 
you will be in the happy condition of 
those of whom it is said they do not 
feel that they have any nerves at all. 



What is said of sensation and feeling ? What if 
yon obey the laws of health? 



CHAPTER .XVI. 

SUNSTROKE AND POISONS. 

Don't be afraid of the sun. Its rays 
give life and vigor not only to men and 
animals, but to the vegetable "world. A 
little tanning or browning of the skin is 
good for yon. In summer when the rays 
are very strong, yon should avoid them ; 
but at other times, live in the sunlight 
all you can. 

Very rarely indeed is a child sun- 
struck; but it is wise to guard against 
it, because it is often fatal. As I have 
just told you, you must keep out of the 



What is said of sunlight ? When should the rays 
he avoided? 



96 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

direct rays of the sun when the day is 
very hot. It is well to carry a wet hand- 
kerchief, or several large green leaves in 
the crown of your hat. 

SYMPTOMS OF SUNSTROKE. 

The symptoms of sunstroke are sting- 
ing pains in the head, dizziness, weakness, 
confusion of sight, and in some cases, 
sickness at the stomach. The person 
becomes partly or wholly insensible and 
often moans or snores. Sometimes he 
has spasms. 

HOW TO TREAT SUNSTROKE. 

Should you ever see any one thus 
affected, do your utmost to have him 
taken at once to the coolest place that 

What should "be carried in the crown of the hat 
when the sunlight is very strong? 

Describe the symptoms of sunstroke. 

What is the first thing to do when a person suf- 
fers sunstroke ? Suppose the surface of the body is 
warm? Suppose it is cool? 



SUNSTROKE AND POISONS. 97 

is near at hand, and where there is plenty 
of fresh air. The clothing should be re- 
moved and the body sponged with cold 
water, if the surface is warm ; if it is 
cool, warm water should be used. 

If the patient's body is very hot, his 
pulse high, he snores or moans, and is 
limp and senseless, he should be laid 
upon his face, his head slightly raised 
and cold water poured upon it for sev- 
eral minutes, from a height of four or 
five feet. 

CAUTION. 

If the pulse is feeble and fast, the 
breathing light, and the body cool, the 
treatment just named would be highly 
dangerous. The patient must be given 
small doses of diluted brandy or whiskey, 



If the body is hot, pulse high., he snores, is 
limp, etc. ? 

If the pulse is feeble and fast, breathing light, 
body cool? 



98 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

and a blister applied to the back of the 
neck. Of course a physician will be sent 
for at once. 

POISONS. 

It may happen that a child swallows 
by mistake some kind of poison (when 
he is alone), and when a few minutes' 
delay in reaching a physician will be 
fatal. The best and indeed the only 
thing to do is to produce instant vomit- 
ing. Stir a tablespoonful of salt or a 
teaspoonful of mustard in a tumbler of 
•warm water and swallow without a mo- 
ment's delay. 

At the end of five minutes, repeat the 
dose, and continue doing so for half an 
hour. If vomiting does not take place 
immediately, bring it on by thrusting the 



What course should be followed if poison is taken 
by mistake ? Suppose the dose described does not 
cause vomiting? 



SUNSTROKE AND POISONS. 99 

forefinger down the throat, since vomiting 
alone will save your life. 

SULPHURIC ACID POISON. 

There is but one poison which cannot 
be thrown off by the means just described. 
If water is drank directly after swallow- 
ing sulphuric acid, it will be fatal. 
Vomiting must be induced by using the 
finger. 

A SAFE RULE. 

The only safe rule for children, as well 
as for grown persons, is never to swallow 
or touch anything which they are not 
certain can do them no harm. "When 
there is the least doubt, leave it alone. 



What of sulphuric acid? 
What is the only safe rule? 



CHAPTER XVII. 

CIGARETTE SMOKING-. 

I have now a few words to say to the 
boys. I hope the girls will also listen, 
and help to impress the "words on their 
friends. 

Most of yon have fathers, mothers, and 
perhaps brothers and sisters. Ton love 
them more than all the world. What 
wonld yon think if I shonld tell yon I 
can make yon hate yonr mother, strike 
yonr father, lie, cheat, steal, do everything 
vile, and at last send yon, disgraced and 
despised, to a -wretched death ? 

Yon are shocked and cannot believe 
it ; bnt, if yon will walk the path I mark 
ont, yon will do jnst what I have said 



CIGARETTE SMOKING. 101 

and reach the dreadful end — that is, if 
yon live long enongh. 

SMOKING CREATES A MORBID THIRST. 

The first step is cigarette smoking. 
It will give yon catarrh, "weaken the 
lungs, cause heart disease, destroy the 
health, and create a morbid thirst which 
will lead yon to the second step, — the 
drinking of cider, beer, and malt liqnors. 
Soon you vn.ll crave stronger fluids, and 
will swallow gin, wine, brandy, whiskey, 
rnm, and all sorts of seductive drinks 
made from alcohol. 

SMOKING DEGRADES THE TASTES. 

By this time, yon will be far along 
the road to ruin. You will begin to 



What is the first step toward the ruin of the 
hody and soul ? What is the second step ? What 
follows ? 

Where will you he hy this time ? What then will 
follow ? 



102 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

look upon your father and mother as 
slow, and will love the company of the 
wicked, and hate that of the good. Then 
will follow misery, woe, and eternal 
ruin. 

BAD EFFECTS SHOWN IN TIME. 

You know plenty boys -who smoke 
cigarettes, and you cannot see that they 
suffer any harm on that account. But, 
as in many other instances, the harm 
comes after a time ; and often when too 
late to be cured. A great many boys die 
every year from cigarette smoking, and 
thousands upon thousands are stricken 
by disease from that cause alone. 

QUALITY OF CIGARETTE TOBACCO. 

In 1883, about three quarters of a 
billion of cigarettes were smoked in this 

How is it that some boys do not seem to suffer 
from cigarette smoking ? Wliat takes place every 
year ? 

How many cigarettes were smoked in this conn- 



CIGARETTE SMOKING. 103 

country, of which more than one half 
were made in the city of 'New York. 
The tobacco used is the "worst that can 
be found anywhere. Saltpetre is mixed 
"with it to prevent moulding. Physicians 
will tell you that saltpetre, when thus 
taken into the system, is very hurtful. 

The Havana cigarette is made of fair 
tobacco, but is rolled in thick, vile paper 
and soaked with creosote, which is very 
hurtful. But those cigarettes which pre- 
tend to be made of Cuban tobacco are 
imitations that are as bad as they can be. 

CIGARETTE PAPER. 

The oil of tobacco is highly poisonous ; 
but the oil of the paper used for cigarette 

try in 1883? Of what are tliey generally made? 
Wliat of saltpetre ? 

Wliat is said of tlie genuine Havana cigarette ? 
Are there many genuine ones made ? 

What of the oil of tobacco ? Of the oil of the 
paper ? 



104 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

wrappers is worse than that. It burns 
white, because of the acids and chemicals 
in it. 

HURTFUL TO THE YOUNG. 

Smoking is specially harmful to the 
young. It weakens the stomach, causes 
indigestion, hastens the action of the 
heart, thus producing palpitation. 

PRODUCES CATARRH. 

Cigarette smoking is almost certain to 
produce catarrh, one of the most offensive 
and incurable diseases. This arises from 
the fact that the cigarette being much 
shorter than a cigar, the smoke is inhaled 
to a greater extent. Tou have seen boys 
swallow the smoke and puff it through 
the nostrils, thus inviting catarrh. 



How does smoking affect tlie young ? 
What loathsome disease is almost certain to result 
from cigarette smoking? Why? 



CIGARETTE SMOKING. 105 

CAUSES ASTHMA. 

Cigarette smoking tends also to cause 
asthma. 

OTHER EVIL EPFECTS. 

It renders the system more liable to 
attacks of pneumonia and bronchitis. It 
destroys a healthy appetite for solid food, 
and by the constant spitting it causes, 
excites a craving for drink. Many in- 
stances are known where the nerves of 
the eye have been destroyed by cigarette 
smoking. The following are the words 
of Dr. S. H. Keep, one of the leading 
physicians of Brooklyn : 

" If one could select a fine, healthy boy 
of from twelve to fifteen years of age, 
well known for his fine physique, even 



Wliat does cigarette smoking tend to produce ? 
What other effect lias it on the system ? What is its 
effect on the appetite ? How does it excite a craving 
for drink ? 

What is said by Dr. Keep, of Brooklyn ? 



106 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

disposition, and great strength, and start 
liim in his career as a cigarette smoker 
under the observant eye of the public, 
what results might not accrue from such 
example as the panorama was unfolded 
to them ? 

u The decay of physical power, emacia- 
tion, the irritable temper, the sallow com- 
plexion, the drawn and anxious look, the 
unsteadiness of the hands, the dyspepsia, 
the capricious appetite, the aversion to 
parental and other advice, the tendency 
to seek lower companionship, could hardly 
fail to leave its impress upon such an 
audience. 

u More especially in the nervous diath- 
esis * does this rapid decay make itself 
apparent, and in varying degrees accord- 
ing to the amount of indulgence. Physi- 
cians daily watch this process with pain 



* Di ath/ e sis — A condition of the body which predisposes it to 
a particular disease. 



CIGARETTE SMOKING. 107 

and anxiety for those intrusted to their 
care. Indeed, if my own professional ex- 
perience were to be my guide, I could 
declare the evil of cigarette smoking to 
be even greater than that of alcohol." 

So alarming has become this evil that 
in some States, laws have been passed 
against cigarette smoking. But I trust 
that if any of you has felt like forming 
the vile habit, your own good sense will 
not allow you to do so. 

What lias been done "by some of tlie States ? What 
are your own views on the vice of cigarette smoking ? 
Are you weak-minded enough to he persuaded ever 
to place a vile cigarette between your lips? 



CHAPTER XVIII. 

ALCOHOL. 

Alcohol does not exist in nature. It 
is a fluid made by fermentation, or the 
rotting of vegetables and their juices. 
Beer, cider, and wine are produced by 
the decay of a sweet liquid taken from 
grain or fruits. Alcohol is that element 
in malt and spirituous liquors which pro- 
duces intoxication. 

ITS DANGER. 

Alcohol is indigestible and lessens the 
muscular power. 'No person training for 
any severe contest would dare swallow a 

Does alcohol exist in nature ? Wliat is alcoliol ? 
How are beer, cider, and wine produced? Wliat ele- 
ment is alcohol? 



ALCOHOL. 109 

drop of it. Its great danger lies in its 
attractiveness. It makes one at first feel 
in high sj)irits, reckless of right and 
wrong, and it destroys his judgment and 
sense. Yon all know that an intoxicated 
person talks like an idiot. 

EFFECT UPON THE ORGANS OF THE BODY. 

Alcohol destroys the nerves, rnins the 
stomach, weakens the muscles, affects the 
heart, bloats the body, kills the liver, 
causes insanity, and makes men descend 
lower than the beast of the field. It 
turns wise men into fools ; peaceable per- 
sons into brawlers ; good citizens into 
wicked and dangerous ones ; and is the 
direct cause of more than three fourths 
of all the crimes in the country. 



What is said of alcohol? In what lies its great 
danger ? What are its effects at first ? 

Show some of the evil effects of alcohol. Of what 
is it the direct cause? 



110 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

COST OF ALCOHOL 

The total cost of alcoholic drinks each 
year is eight times that spent for edu- 
cation. The saloon-keepers outnumber 
the ministers of the gospel four to one. 
Sixty thousand people die annually from 
alcohol. 

Those who use alcohol are very liable 
to disease. In Russia the cholera swept 
off one year every drinking person in a 
certain town before it affected a single 
temperate one. In S"ew Orleans, five 
thousand drinking men died one season 
from yellow fever before it touched a 
sober one. In 1832, in Park Hospital, 



Compare the cost of alcoholic drinks and the 
sums spent for education. How do the number of 
saloon-keepers compare with that of the ministers 
of the gospel ? How many people does it kill annu- 
ally? 

To what are drinkers of alcohol liable ? Illustrate 
this statement by what occurred in Russia. In New 
Orleans. In New York. 



ALCOHOL. Ill 

New York, out of 204 cases of cholera, 
only six were men of temperate habits ; 
these all recovered, while 122 of the 
others died. 

Sir John Ross, the famous Arctic ex- 
plorer, never used alcohol or tobacco. On 
one of his voyages, when a youth, every 
one of the crew that was a drinker, died ; 
but he himself was not sick a single hour. 
When exploring the frozen regions, he was 
an old man, the oldest of his crew being 
twenty years younger than he. His men 
used tobacco and spirits, but he went 
without either ; and with his advanced 
years, stood the rigors and hardships bet- 
ter than any of them. 

At a recent meeting of surgeons and 
officers of the Pennsylvania Railroad Corn- 



Prove the advantages of leaving tobacco and spirits 
alone by some facts respecting Sir John Boss. 

What action was taken recently by the surgeons 
and officers of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company? 



112 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

pany to arrange for medical and surgical 
supplies to be placed on trains and at 
each station on the road, the question 
of adding alcoholic stimulants to the 
supplies was at once rejected ; some of the 
surgeons claiming that in case of shock 
from injury, it was -worthless. 

INTOXICATION. 

Intoxication leads a person to do that 
which he would not do when sober if 
he dared. It therefore takes away the 
self-restraint that is the safeguard of 
society. 

A GRAVE ERROR. 

One of the greatest mistakes of the 
young is the belief that a person can 
drink a little beer, cider, wine or liquor 



What does intoxication lead a person to do ? Wliat 
does it therefore take away? 

Wliat is one. of the greatest mistakes of the young? 



ALCOHOL. 113 

now and then, without danger to himself. 
iNo one ever began drinking with the 
belief that he would die a drunkard ; he 
meant to drink when he felt like it with 
his friends, but was sure he could stop 
when he chose. 

TOTAL ABSTINENCE A SAFEGUARD. 

Even if a person "were able to keep to 
a moderate use of alcohol all his life, his 
brain and nervous system would become 
diseased. When epidemics visit any place, 
the first persons to die, as I have shown, 
are those accustomed to drink liquor. 

EFFECT UPON THE MIND AND SOUL. 

Poisonous as is alcohol to the body, 
it is more fatal to the mind and heart. 
It clouds the brain, dwarfs and blots out 



Suppose a person really could restrain himself to 
a moderate use of alcohol ? 

How does alcohol affect the mind and heart? 



114 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

the good impulses, and increases the 
power of the passions and the haser side 
of our nature. 

The world is full of moral and mental 
wrecks caused by alcohol. You see them 
about you ; the most wretched drunkard 
on which you ever looked was once a 
bright, hopeful boy like you. He could 
not have been made to believe he would 
ever fall so low. 

Your only safety is to resolve never 
to touch alcohol in any form. Wot only 
that, but it is your duty to do all you 
can to keep others from injuring them- 
selves by its use. 



What is said of the most wretched drunkard in 
the land ? 

What is the only safety? What is the duty of 
every one ? 




SKELETON. 



CHAPTER XIX. 

BONES, SKELETON, ETC. 

The bones are tlie frame-work of the 
body. Like the muscles, they are gen- 
erally found in pairs, one for each side of 
the body. Their number is more than two 
hundred. When joined together, in their 
proper position, they make a skeleton, as 
shown in the picture on page 115, where 
the names of the principal bones are 
given. 

A bone is composed of animal and 
mineral substance. The animal part gives 



What are the bones ? How are they generally 
placed ? How many "bones have yon ? What is a 
skeleton ? 

Of what is a bone composed ? What does the 



118 



PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY, 



it elasticity, and the mineral, hardness. 
In youth there is more of the animal 
substance, but it grows less as a person 




THE SKULL.— (i) Frontal Bone, (2) Parietal Bone, (3) Temporal Bone, (6) Superior 
Maxillary {Upper Jaiv) Bone, (7) Malar Bone, (9) Nasal Bone, (10) Inferior Maxillary 
(Lower Jaw) Bone. 

becomes older. This explains why the 
bones of a child do not break so readily 
as those of an aged person, and why, 



animal part give ? The mineral ? Why is the hone 
of a child less liahle to break than that of an older 



BONES, SKELETON, ETC. 



119 



when broken, they heal much sooner. 
Sometimes when a very old man or 




THE CHEST.— (a) The Sternum or Breast- 
bone, (b to c) the True Ribs, (d to f) the False 
Ribs, (g, h) the Floating Ribs, (i to k) the Dor- 
sal Vertebrce. 



THE HAND. 

— (i) Radius, (2) 

* Ulna, (4-4) Bones 

of the Wrist, (5-5) 

Bones of the Hand, 



(6-6) Bones of the Fingers. 



woman has a limb broken, the bone will 
not "knit," or heal at all. 



person? What takes place sometimes wlien tlie bone 
of an old person is "broken ? 



120 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

The movable joints are joined by bands 
or ligaments, which, are very strong. They 
often refuse to yield, when the bone to 
which they are fastened is broken. If a 
ligament is strained or hurt, a " sprain " 
is caused, which may be as bad as a 
broken bone. 

Boys and girls are apt to form bad 
habits by which some of the bones be- 
come misshapen. You should hold your 
head erect, but not thrust forward ; keep 
the chest expanded and the shoulders well 
back. You will find, after awhile, that 
this healthful posture is the most pleas- 
ant you can take, and it "will give you 
the form which nature intends all of us 
to have. 



How are the movable joints joined ? Wliat is 
said of the strength, of a ligament ? What is a 
" sprain " ? 

What are "boys and girls apt to do ? What is the 
proper posture ? What will you find ? 



CHAPTER XX. 

A CHEERFUL DISPOSITION. 

Every boy and girl should cultivate a 
cheerful disposition. You will have grief 
and trouble, and must shed many a tear; 
but cheerfulness does more than anything 
else to lighten the burdens of life. 

Have a kind word for every one. If 
there is a deformed boy or girl in school, 
never notice it by look or word. If a 
boy has a drunken father or any dis- 
grace attaches to his family, always act 
as though you never heard of it. If he 



What should every hoy and girl cultivate ? Why ? 

What about kind words? Suppose you have a 
deformed class-mate, or one to whom some disgrace 
attaches ? 



122 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

is poor and in need, make him such 
presents as you can afford. It will add 
much to your own happiness if now and 
then you give something which you think 
you cannot afford. 

If some little girl wears odd-looking 
dresses, do not hurt her feelings by laugh- 
ing at her. Show her kindness and make 
her feel at home when in your company. 

Be respectful to old age. Elderly per- 
sons are sometimes fretful and say pro- 
voking things to children ; but it is easy 
for you to keep back all impudent replies 
and to show that you feel no ill will 
toward them. 

You should not only be obedient to 
your parents, but should feel pleasure in 
obeying them. 'No matter how you are 



Suppose some little girl wears odd-looking clothes? 
What of old age? 
In what does true obedience to your parents con- 
sist? What will be the result of such obedience? 



A CHEERFUL DISPOSITION. 123 

employed, or what your own wishes are, 
show an eagerness to do whatever they 
may request. When father and mother 
leave you forever, you will be thankful 
beyond expression, if you can say you 
never caused them to shed a tear or feel 
any sorrow. 

Be respectful and obedient to your 
teacher. Strive to obey all his rules in 
spirit and letter. Be attentive to what 
he says, and show by your conduct as 
well as by your words that you are grate- 
ful for his interest in and labors for you. 
It is you who will feel the most pleasure 
at all times, by striving to be cheerful. In 
truth, you will not have to strive long, 
for it will come natural to be cheerful. 

Don't sulk and never repay evil for 
evil. If some one has done you an in- 



How should you treat your teacher ? Who is most 
benefited by such a course of action? 



124 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY. 

jury, the best way to "get even" is by 
an act of kindness ; but be ready to pro- 
tect the helpless against those who would 
oppress them. There are persons "whose 
coming is like so nrach beautiful sun- 
shine ; there are others who are cross 
and disagreeable and "whom no one likes. 
Strive, every day, to make some one happy, 
and live by the Golden Rule, " Do unto 
others as you would have others do to 
you." 



What of sulking? Wliat is tlie "best manner of 
" getting even" with, some one who has done yon a 
wrong? What should you strive every day to do? 
What is the Golden Rule of life ? 



CHAPTEE XXI. 

THE DIGESTIBILITY OF SOLID FOODS. 

The following table is given in order 
to show the time required for the diges- 
tion of the most ordinary articles of food : 

Kind op Food. Mode of Cooking. ^me required 

for Digestion. 

Hours. Minutes. 

Pork roasted 5 15 

Cartilage boiled 4 15 

Ducks roasted 4 00 

Fowls roasted 4 00 

Fowls boiled 4 00 

Beef fried 4 00 

Eggs fried 3 30 

Eggs hard boiled 3 30 

Cheese 3 30 

Oysters stewed 3 30 

Mutton roasted 3 15 

Mutton boiled 3 00 

Beef roasted 3 00 



126 PRIMARY PHYSIOLOGY 

KM) o* Food. Mode op Cookng. JSFjSSESS 

Houb8. Minutes. 

Beef boiled 2 45 

Chicken fricasseed 2 45 

Lamb broiled 2 30 

Pig (suckling) roasted 2 30 

G-oose roasted 2 30 

Gelatine boiled 2 30 

Turkey boiled 2 25 

Eggs roasted 2 15 

Cod Fish, (cured, dry) boiled 2 00 

Ox Liver broiled 2 00 

Venison Steak broiled 1 30 

Salmon Trout boiled 1 30 

Eggs (whipped) raw 1 30 

Tripe (soused) boiled 1 00 

Pig's Feet (soused) boiled 1 00 

Cabbage boiled 4 00 

Beetroot boiled 3 45 

Turnips boiled 3 30 

Potatoes boiled 3 30 

Wheaten Bread baked 3 30 

Carrot boiled 3 15 

Indian Corn Bread baked 3 15 

Indian Corn Cake baked 3 00 

Apple-dumpling boiled 3 00 

Potatoes baked 2 33 

Potatoes roasted 2 30 



DIGESTIBILITY OF SOLID FOODS. 127 

Kind of Food. Mode of Cooking. FOR™DroEsmo1? 

Hours. Minutes. 

Parsnips boiled 2 30 

Sponge Cake baked 2 30 

Beans boiled 2 30 

Apples (sour) raw 2 00 

Barley boiled * 2 00 

Tapioca boiled 2 00 

Sago boiled 1 45 

Apples (sweet) raw 1 30 

Bice boiled 1 00 



